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Q - S

QUADRICEPS - The group of muscles on the front of the thigh that extend the knee.

QUADRIPLEGIA - Paralysis of all four limbs.

RACHISCHISIS - A congenital condition in which the spinal cord is completely exposed and deformed.

RANGE OF MOTION - The full extent of movement of a particular joint.

RECEPTIVE LANGUAGE - The ability to understand spoken language.

RECIPROCAL - Alternating, as feet alternate in walking.

RECTUM - The lower part of the large bowel that terminates in the anus.

REFLEX - A response mediated by the nervous system.

REFLUX - Abnormal backward flow of urine from the bladder up the ureters toward the kidneys.

RELATED SERVICES- Special services other than regular teaching that children may need to function effectively in school, for example, speech therapy, physical therapy, and adaptive physical education.

RENAL DAMAGE - Damage to the kidneys that may occur in children with spina bifida as a result of repeated urinary infections or reflux (back flow) of urine up the ureters into the kidneys.

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS - Noisy, congested breathing brought on by difficulty in breathing and retractions of the chest wall.

RETARDATION - Slowness in development.

RETRACTIONS - The breastbone and area below the ribcage sink in on inspiration when a child is having difficulty breathing.

REVISION - The operative procedure for replacing a shunt.

ROCKER-BOTTOM FOOT - A foot deformity in which the sole of the foot is curved.

SACRAL VERTEBRAE - The five lowest vertebrae that are firmly bound to the pelvis.

SCOLIOSIS - A lateral curvature of the spine, often in an S-shape.

SEIZURES - Convulsions.

SHUNT - A system to control hydrocephalus. It consists of a one-way valve and a small plastic tube, one end of which is placed on one of the ventricles where the cerebrospinal fluid is formed. The plastic tube is then placed under the skin behind the ear, where it is passed between the skin and underlying bone and muscle and into the abdominal cavity. The cerebrospinal fluid that is passed into the abdominal cavity is then reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

SOFT TISSUE SURGERY - Operations that involve lengthening muscles or tendons or releasing tight ligaments.

SPASTICITY - Stiffness or position that is difficult to release.

SPHINCTER - A circular muscle constricting an opening. Sphincter muscles control bowel and bladder evacuation.

SPINA BIFIDA - Failure of the bones of the spine to close. Lay-term for myelomeningocele.

SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA - A term covering both meningocele and myelomeningocele where the meninges protrude through the bifida (split) spinal column forming a sac or cyst filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA - Failure of one or more vertebrae to close with the skin intact and no sac visible on the back. A child with spine bifida occulta usually has no problems, and the defect may go undetected until a routine x-ray is taken.

SPINAL CORD - A column of nervous tissue that is located within the vertebral column and directly connected to the brain. All nerves to the trunk and extremities are located within the spinal cord. The brain controls muscles of the body through nerves in the spinal cord.

SPINAL FUSION - An operation to make the spine stronger or straighter.

SPINOUS PROCESSES - The bony projections at the back of the vertebrae.

STANDING FRAME - Braces attached to platform..

STOMA - That part of the loop of bowel to which the ureters are attached in an ileostomy and which is visible on the abdomen. It is sometimes referred to (non-medically) as a "cherry" because of its red color.

STRABISMUS - Squint or deviation of the eye.

STRIDOR - Harsh croupy noise associated with breathing.

SUBLUXATION - Incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint.

SUNSETTING - A condition in which an infant's eye seems to always be looking downward.

SUPINE - Positioned lying horizontally on the back, with the face upward.

SUPPOSITORY - Medicated mass inserted into the rectum to aid bowel movement.

SWING-TO GAIT - Walking by putting both crutches forward and then lifting both feet and swinging them forward.

SYRINX -A fluid-filled space in the spinal cord, usually in the neck, that can cause neurological symptoms.

 

[سان انتونيو]

 

T - Z

TALIPES EQUINOVARUS - Typical clubfoot deformity, with heel inversion and foot plantar flexion.

TALUS - The bone of the foot that meets the tibia and fibula to form the main ankle joint.

TENDON TRANSFER - A surgical procedure for moving the tendon of a muscle to another so that it will pull in another direction.

TETHERING - Binding of spinal cord to surrounding tissue.

TENOTOMY- Cutting the tendon of a muscle to weaken its pull.

THORACIC - The twelve vertebrae between the neck and waist.

TIBIA - The larger bone in the lower leg, the shinbone.

TONE - The degree of resistance of muscle to stretch.

TRACHEA - Windpipe.

TWO-POINT GAIT - Walking by moving the right crutch and left leg together, then the left crutch and right leg together.

ULTRASOUND - The use of high frequency sound wave echoes to outline the shape of various tissues and organs in the body. Ultrasound is frequently used in prenatal care to establish the baby's due date, whether there is more than one baby, or detect some birth defects such as spina bifida and hydrocephalus.

URETER - Either of the two tubes through which urine passes from the kidneys into the bladder.

URETHRA - The tube that routes urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra goes through the penis in the male and to the perineum in the female.

URINALYSIS - Examination of the urine as an aid in detecting and diagnosing infection.

URINARY BLADDER - A sac in the pelvic cavity that serves as a reservoir for urine.

URINE CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY - A sample of urine is placed in a culture to grow out the colonies of bacteria that will be identified and tested for their sensitivity to various antibiotic medicines.

URODYNAMICS - A detailed study of bladder pressures and urine flow.

UROLOGIST - A physician who specializes in the treatment of urinary tract problems, which include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

VALGUS - Bent outward, away from the midline.

VARUS - Bent inward, toward the midline.

VCUG (Voiding cystourethrogram) - An x-ray test to show the flow of urine from the bladder; through the urethra.

VENTRICLES - Fluid-filled spaces within the brain. They become swollen in hydrocephalus.

VENTRICLE SHUNT A tube placed within the ventricles and used to prevent brain damage by draining excess fluid from the ventricles- to another part of the body.

VENTRICULITIS - An inflammation of the ventricle.

VENTRICULO-PERITONEAL SHUNT - Plastic tube connecting the ventricles to the abdomen to treat hydrocephalus.

VERTEBRA - The bony segment of the spinal column. 33 vertebrae make up the vertebral column or backbone.

VESICOSTOMY - An incision made in the bladder allowing urine to pass through an opening in the abdominal wall.

VESTIBULAR SYSTEM - The inner ear and neurological system that controls balance.

WALKER - Movable aid used to provide stability in walking.